Critical discourse analysis is a branch of discourse analysis that studies language as a social practice related to power and ideology. One of the pioneers of this approach is Norman Fairclough. In his opinion, critical discourse analysis is a method that is used along with other methods to investigate social and cultural changes. Fairclough studies critical discourse analysis at three levels in discourse analysis. 1- description 2- Interpretation 3- Explanation. the researcher analyzes the text as a part of the process of social struggle in power relations. The results of the research indicate that Aswani expresses many discourses and types of events by using words and structures such as pronouns, opposites, repetition, etc. At the level of interpretation, it examines the conditions and type of discourse and states that this novel reflects the political and social currents before and after the revolution of January 25, 2011 in Egypt, and the author has described the events of the society and different political, social and cultural classes. It explains the conflict between them and their thoughts. At the level of explanation, it reflects the type of power and ideology that Hosni Mubarak's dictatorship is, and the events of the January revolution, such as; The protest against Khaled Saeed's assassination and martyrdom reflects the anger and the corrupt society with a critical tone. The dominant idea in the novel is the struggle against the dictatorial government through demonstrations, especially in Tahrir Square, and the awakening of the Egyptian people.

About two years after the Iraq-Iran war, and at a time when Iraqi-Iranian relations were neither war nor peace, Saddam Hussein as Iraq's top political leader, wrote letters to high-ranking Iranian officials. In the correspondences, he sought to portray himself as a pacifist seeking a peaceful solution to the Iraq-Iran crisis. Iranian officials replied obsessively to all the letters. The role of these letters was very important because they were written after the war that incurred heavy human and material losses between the two countries. At that time, officials of both countries were very careful and cautious in what to say and how to say it. Probably, it could be said that the war between the two countries had gone from a physical battle to an attempt at verbal persuasion. Therefore, it is important and necessary to examine and analyze these messages through critical discourse analysis. After reviewing the correspondences, it became clear that there was a dialectical connection between their ideology, power, and texts. The more socially and politically powerful the actor is, the more opportunity he has for linguistics, and in turn, has an effect on his display of power. Officials of both countries – even perhaps unknowingly - used the discourse components to strengthen and direct their discourse; components such as: polarization, reference, lexical options, participant characteristics, implicit signification, distance, and fallacy.

Critical discourse surveys the lingual application/efficiency in a society and politics and believes that factors such as historical texture, relation between power and dominance, social, cultural and ideological institutions create new text or lingual model and meaning and make the discourse. In this process, language isn't a limpid mirror that shows the facts rather it's a foggy glass that deviates the facts. So this essay tries to discover the things that are hidden behind vocabularies, sentences and texts of Lamiyat al-Arab of Shanfara, the famous poet during the period of ignorance of Arab, with discovering the outward face of text of this elegy. This essay also notices the efficiency or inefficiency of social institutions that dominated in that point of time and surveys the discourses that have been shown natural and people have easily accepted them; the discourse which have located behind the window of Lamiyat al- Arab.

Critical discourse analysis examines the dialectical relations between language, discourse and society and examines the consolidated hegemony of these relations at the level of social practice and the changes resulting from these relations. Critical discourse analysis explains the relationship between the text and the author's perspective.The analysis of critical discourse prepares the ground to benefit from it to treat literary texts that reflect political and social issues for societies in general and for Arab society in particular. Due to his politically and socially unstable life, Bayati chose poetry as a weapon to rebel against the prevailing situation and awaken thoughts in his backward society. Therefore, this research aims to portray the social agents in the poem "The Journey to the Cities of Love" and to determine the meanings of the aspects hidden in it and the semiotic and social elements, based on Van Leyen's theory, relying on the descriptive-analytical approach. In this poem, social agents are depicted with two methods of elimination and expression. Bayati removed the social agents who oppressed the people and deprived them of their freedom. But he identified the agents who rose up against the oppression and used the method of expression. Bayati has given legitimacy to concepts such as defiance, honor, revolution, and avoiding isolation by using myth and authorization and rationality and value for emphasizing his own perspective.Therefore,the strategy of authorization in this ode is very clear to legitimize these abstract concepts.In this discourse ,the naminalization is represented more along with the implicit meaning which is a type of statement in order to express the importance of the role of the characters in the awakening of the people and also to give legitimacy to their discourse based on the invitation to modernity and the awakening of rusty thoughts.As it has tended to delegitimize concepts such as stagnation, stagnation, lack of freedom, killing, and exile based on the theory of Van Leuween.

Critical discourse analysis is a new approach to discourse analysis that has been used in recent decades in a wide range of research in the fields of literature and psychology. It is also considered as one of the new trends in linguistics, which reveals the ideological views of the author by infiltrating the substrates and superstructures of texts at all their micro and macro levels and explains the relationship between language, authority and ideology. Although the critical discourse analysis approach prioritizes the relationship between language, power, ideology and discourse, nations' literature can also be analyzed and interpreted in the context of critical discourse and linguistic criticism. In the same respect, the Seven Pendants are among the works that can be studied in the context of critical discourse analysis. It allows the analyst to uncover the relationship between power, ideology, and discourse in this work. Van Dyck's theory is a sociocognitive model that critically analyzes texts and uses various methods to study text and speech strategies and their relationship to social and political spheres. In the same context, the purpose of this article is a socio-cognitive analysis of the comments of Amr and Al-Harith by relying on Van Dyck's ideological quadrant in discourse analysis that examines the subject of the commentators from the perspective of affirming the ego (the self) and marginalizing the other (the censor) Both poets sought to assert their collective honor and prove their tribal dominance over the censor. The final conclusion shows that highlighting the positive points of the ego in both comments has a high frequency compared to highlighting the negative points of the other. Both Amr and Al-Harith were able, through their accompaniment to some linguistic units, to give an acceptable semantic and verbal consistency to the discourse system. Therefore, by emphasizing the meaning of these units, they create a special objective and linguistic unity.

'commitment problem' is one of the most important problems for the contemporary literary critics and poets of Arab world. Surprisingly, literary researcher by deep study finds that the commitment has different senses for Arab literary critics and Arab poets. literary critics see it as an obligation to social affairs, whereas Arab poets put it in the vital sphere of the freedom of speech. The study of this problem of criticism is important because it shows the difference between literary criticism and poem and that the contemporary literary critic tries to criticize poems in terms of his/her critical desires not in terms of the poetic demands and needs of the poet. Why such a deep difference emerged between critical discourse and poetic one in Arab world? This article by use of a descriptive and analytic method and by reference to critics and poets ideas tries to answer the question. The results of the research shows that the contemporary Arab critic who relies on the ideas of western critics and their literary schools, specially literary socialism, proposes principles to evaluate Arabic poems, instead of speculating specifically Arabic poems and exploitimg critical rules from them. Thus, from his/her view point poet must be committed to social problems, specially social justice, whereas the Arab poet who is influenced from Sartrian ontological thought believes that he/she must be committed to freedom of speech and nothing more. This difference in the interpretation of a critical and literary notion as 'commitment' is speculative and deserves study to be clear why literary criticism is imitative and is not derived from the poems of Arab world, and why Arab critic imposes thoughts outside the literary text on the Arabic poems.